Mortalidade por Câncer de Cólon e Reto no Brasil e suas Regiões entre 2006 e 2020 / Mortality due to Colon and Rectal Cancer in Brazil and its Regions between 2006 and 2020

No Brasil, estima-se a ocorrência de 704 mil casos novos de câncer para cada ano do triênio 2023-2025, sendo o câncer de cólon e reto (CCR) o tipo de neoplasia responsável pela terceira maior taxa de mortalidade para ambos os sexos. Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal de mortalidade prematura por CCR de 2006 a 2020, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil e em suas cinco Macrorregiões, e avaliar o alcance da meta proposta pelo Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis no Brasil 2011-2022 do Ministério da Saúde (MS) em relação ao CCR. Método: Estudo de séries temporais das taxas de mortalidade prematura e padronizada de CCR (CID-10: C18-21) tendo como população de estudo a do Brasil, com dados obtidos a partir do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do DATASUS de 2006 a 2020. Resultados: As taxas de mortalidade prematura por CCR apresentaram aumento linear ao longo do período observado, porém com importantes diferenças regionais. Em relação ao CCR, a meta proposta pelo plano do MS não foi alcançada. Conclusão: Houve um aumento das taxas de mortalidade prematura por CCR no Brasil, tendência esperada em países em desenvolvimento. Por ser um câncer que envolve fatores de risco modificáveis, são importantes ações contínuas voltadas para o manejo desses fatores, tais como políticas nacionais de promoção de saúde. Além disso, são necessários estudos que subsidiem políticas preventivas de programas de rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce.

In Brazil, 704 thousand new cases of cancer were estimated for each year of the triennium 2023-2025, and colon and rectal cancer (CRC) is the type of neoplasm responsible for the third highest mortality rate for both sexes in the country. Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of premature mortality by CRC from 2006 to 2020, for both sexes, in Brazil and its five macroregions, and to evaluate whether the goal proposed by the Strategic Action Plan for Tackling Chronic non Communicable Diseases in Brazil 2011-2022 of the Ministry of Health (MH) in relation to CCR has been met. Method: Time series study of standardized premature mortality rates by CRC (ICD-10: C18-21); the study population is Brazil's population obtained from DATASUS' Mortality Information System from 2006 to 2020. Results: Premature mortality rates by CRC in Brazil and in all five macroregions increased linearly over the period investigated, but with important regional differences. The target proposed by the MH's Plan for CRC was not met. Conclusion: There was an increase in premature mortality rates by CRC in Brazil, a trend expected for developing countries. As it is a type of cancer that involves modifiable risk factors, continuous actions to manage these factors are important, such as national health promotion policies. Furthermore, studies are needed to support preventive policies for screening and early diagnosis programs

En el Brasil, se estimó la aparición de 704 000 nuevos casos de cáncer para cada año del período 2023-2025, siendo el cáncer de colorrectal (CCR) el tipo de neoplasia responsable de la tercera mayor tasa de mortalidad para ambos sexos en el país. Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia en el tiempo de la mortalidad prematura por CCR en el período de 2006 a 2020, en ambos sexos, en el Brasil y sus 5 macrorregiones, y evaluar si fue alcanzada la meta propuesta por el Plan de Acción Estratégica para el Enfrentamiento de las Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles en el Brasil 2011-2022 del Ministerio de Salud (MS) con relación a la CCR. Método: Estudio de series de tiempo de tasas de mortalidad prematura estandarizadas por CCR (CIE-10: C18-21) utilizando como población de estudio toda la población del Brasil, con datos obtenidos del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad del DATASUS de 2006 a 2020. Resultados: Las tasas de mortalidad prematura por CCR en el Brasil y en las cinco regiones mostraron un aumento lineal durante el período observado, pero con importantes diferencias regionales. Con relación al CCR, la meta propuesta por el Plan del MS no fue alcanzada. Conclusión: Hubo un aumento de las tasas de mortalidad prematura por CCR en el Brasil, tendencia esperada en países en desarrollo. Al tratarse de un tipo de cáncer que involucra factores de riesgo modificables, son importantes las acciones continuas encaminadas a gestionar estos factores, como las políticas nacionales de promoción de la salud del CCR. Además, se necesitan estudios que respalden las políticas preventivas para los programas de detección y diagnóstico temprano

The effect of obstetric violence during childbirth on breastfeeding: findings from a perinatal cohort "Birth in Brazil".

Background: Recent literature has shown that many women worldwide are victims of obstetric violence during childbirth. Despite that, few studies are exploring the consequences of such violence on women's and newborn's health. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the causal association between obstetric violence during childbirth and breastfeeding. Methods: We used data from the study "Birth in Brazil", a national hospital-based cohort of puerperal women and their newborns in 2011/2012. The analysis involved 20,527 women. Obstetric violence was a latent variable composed of seven indicators (physical or psychological violence, disrespect, lack of information, privacy and communication with the healthcare team, inability to ask questions, and loss of autonomy). We worked with two outcomes: 1) breastfeeding at the maternity and 2) breastfeeding 43-180 days after birth. We applied multigroup structural equation modelling, based on the type of birth. Findings: Obstetric violence during childbirth may decrease the probability for women to leave the maternity ward breastfeeding exclusively, having a stronger effect on women who have vaginal birth. Also, being exposed to obstetric violence during childbirth could indirectly affect those women's ability to breastfeed 43-180 days after birth. Interpretation: This research concludes that obstetric violence during childbirth is a risk factor for breastfeeding discontinuation. Such knowledge is relevant so interventions and public policies can be proposed in order to mitigate obstetric violence and provide a better understanding of the context that may lead a woman into discontinuing breastfeeding. Funding: This research was funded by CAPES, CNPQ, DeCiT, and INOVA-ENSP.

Quality improvement of childbirth care (Adequate Birth Project) and the assessment of women's birth experience in Brazil: a structural equation modelling of a cross-sectional research.

BACKGROUND: Brazil's maternity care is highly medicalized, and obstetric interventions in labour and birth are high, mainly in private health system. The Adequate Birth Project (PPA-Projeto Parto Adequado) is quality improvement project designed to reduce unnecessary caesarian section rates in private hospitals in Brazil. This study evaluated the association between the participation of the PPA and the birth experience assessed by the women. METHODS: It was carried out in 2017/2018 a hospital-based research with a convenience sample of 12 private hospitals among the 23 participants of the project. In this article, a sub-sample of 2348 mothers of 4878 postpartum women, including only women who desired vaginal birth at the ending of pregnancy was analyzed. Multigroup structural equation modelling was used for data analysis to compare vaginal birth and caesarean section. The latent variable was constructed from four items: participation in decisions, respectful treatment during labour and birth, satisfaction with the care during childbirth, satisfaction with care of the baby. RESULTS: In the vaginal birth group, women who participated in PPA rated the birth experience better than women who did not participate (standardized coefficient: 0.388, p-value: 0.028). On the other hand, this effect was not observed (standardized coefficient: - 0.271, p-value: 0.085) in the caesarean section. Besides, the explicative models for a good birth experience varied to the type of childbirth. Among women with vaginal birth, complication during pregnancy and younger age were associated with a more positive birth experience. In contrast, for women with a caesarean section, access to information and participation in the pregnant group was associated with a better evaluation of the birth experience. CONCLUSIONS: The childbirth care model that encourages vaginal delivery and reduces unnecessary caesarean modulates the birth experience according to the type of birth. This study also highlights the importance of perceived control, support, and relationship with the health team shaping women's experience with labour and delivery. These factors may affect policy, practice, and research on childbirth care.

Association between obesity and COVID-19 mortality and length of stay in intensive care unit patients in Brazil: a retrospective cohort study.

The present study aimed to evaluate the association between obesity and COVID-19 mortality and length of stay in ICU patients, and how these associations were modified by age groups. We performed a retrospective multicenter cohort study with data obtained from a hospital-based registry. The sample consisted of 8183 ICU hospitalized patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Cox proportional models were used to evaluate the association between BMI categories and COVID-19 mortality and generalized linear models for the length of stay in the ICU. After adjusting for confounders, those in the younger group with severe obesity had an increased risk of COVID-19 mortality compared to those with normal/overweight (HR 1.27; 95% CI 1.01-1.61). An increased risk of death was also observed for patients with underweight (HR 3.74; 95% CI 1.39-10.07). For patients aged ≥ 60 year, mild/moderate obesity was associated with reduced mortality risk (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.78-0.97). For the age group < 60 year, the length of stay in ICU for those patients with severe obesity was 35% higher compared to the normal/overweight category (eß 1.35; 95% CI 1.21-1.51). Conversely, for the survivors in the underweight category, the length of stay in ICU was 51% lower compared to the normal/overweight group (eß 0.49; 95% CI 0.31-0.78). In the age group ≥ 60 year, mild/moderate obesity was associated with an increased length of stay in the ICU (eß 1.10; 95% CI 1.01-1.21), adjusting for confounders. These findings could be helpful for health professionals to identify subgroups at higher risk for worse outcomes.

Association between parental supervision and bullying victimization and perpetration in Brazilian adolescents, Brazilian National Survey of Student's Health 2015. / Associação entre supervisão parental, vitimização e perpetração de bullying em adolescentes brasileiros, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between parental supervision characteristics and different bullying roles among Brazilian adolescent school students. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using data from the National School Student Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015. Frequent meals with parents/guardians, knowing about students' free time activities and checking their homework were the parental practices assessed. Logistic regression was used for association between these practices and bullying (perpetration and victimization), presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Among 102,072 school students, frequent meals with parents or guardians [ORvictim = 0.86 (95%CI 0.84;0.89); ORperp = 0.85 (95%CI 0.82;0.88)], checking homework [ORvictim = 0.95 (95%CI 0.92;0.97); ORperp = 0.76 (95%CI - 0.74;0.78)], and parents' or guardians' knowledge about students' free time activities [ORperp = 0.70 (95%CI 0.68;0.73] were inversely associated with bullying. CONCLUSION: Greater parental supervision reduced the odds of bullying victimization and perpetration among adolescent school students.

Relationship between levels of mindfulness and substance use pattern / Relação entre níveis de mindfulness e padrão do uso de substâncias

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the association between levels of mindfulness and sociodemographic characteristics and pattern of drug use of individuals seeking treatment in a University Service Specialized in Substance Use Disorders. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 164 individuals over 18 years of age seeking treatment for the use of psychoactive substances in the June 2018-December 2019 period, using a questionnaire for sociodemographic data, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) self- -reporting instrument, and the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test. RESULTS: An association was found between low levels of mindfulness mainly with the individual risk of being a medium/high-risk user of sedative-hypnotic drugs (p = 0.020). A borderline association was also found between MAAS and the risk of the individual being a medium/high risk of alcohol (p = 0.053) and with a more severe pattern of substance use (p = 0.065). CONCLUSION: Individuals seeking treatment for substance use presented impairments in the attentional aspect of mindfulness and levels of mindfulness seem to protect against behaviors related to substance use, especially against the use of high/ moderate risk of sedative-hypnotics.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre níveis de mindfulness e características sociodemográficas e padrão do uso de drogas de indivíduos que buscam tratamento em Serviço Universitário Especializado em Transtorno por Uso de Substâncias. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal de 164 indivíduos acima de 18 anos que buscavam tratamento para uso de substâncias psicoativas no período de junho de 2018 a dezembro de 2019, utilizando questionário para dados sociodemográficos, o instrumento de autorrelato Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) e o Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada associação entre baixos níveis de mindfulness principalmente com o risco de o indivíduo ser usuário de médio/alto risco de sedativos-hipnóticos (p = 0,020). Também foi encontrada associação limítrofe entre MAAS com risco de o indivíduo ser usuário de médio/alto risco de álcool (p = 0,053) e com padrão mais grave de uso de substâncias (p = 0,065). CONCLUSÃO: Indivíduos que buscavam tratamento para uso de substâncias apresentaram prejuízos no aspecto atencional de mindfulness, e níveis de mindfulness parecem proteger contra comportamentos relacionados ao uso de substâncias, principalmente contra o uso de alto/moderado risco de sedativos-hipnóticos.

Disrespect and abuse, mistreatment and obstetric violence: a challenge for epidemiology and public health in Brazil. / Desrespeitos e abusos, maus tratos e violência obstétrica: um desafio para a epidemiologia e a saúde pública no Brasil.

Studies on disrespect and abuse/mistreatment/obstetric violence during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium have increased in recent decades. However, researchers interested in the subject face many theoretical and methodological difficulties. In this sense, this study aims to discuss and reflect on how issues related to definition and terminology, measurement, and public policies in Brazil have hindered research on this topic and the mitigation of these acts. The first problem addressed was the lack of consensus regarding the terminology and definition of this construct. This situation causes a cascading effect, impacting the use of non-validated measurement instruments and, consequently, a lack of accuracy and comparability between studies. Another issue mentioned is the lack of studies exploring the consequences of these acts on women's and newborn's health, which is one of the main gaps on the subject today. The absence of causal studies affects health decision-making, impairing the elaboration of specific public policies.

Estudos sobre desrespeitos e abusos/maus tratos/violência obstétrica durante gestação, parto e puerpério têm aumentado nas últimas décadas. Entretanto, os pesquisadores interessados na temática se deparam com muitas dificuldades teóricas e metodológicas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo consiste em discutir e refletir sobre como questões relacionadas a definição e terminologia, mensuração e políticas públicas no Brasil têm dificultado a pesquisa da temática, assim como a mitigação desses atos. O primeiro problema abordado foi a falta de consenso em relação a terminologia e definição desse construto. Essa situação provoca um efeito em cascata, com a utilização de instrumentos de aferição não validados que implicam falta de precisão e comparabilidade entre os estudos. Outra questão mencionada é a falta de estudos explorando as consequências desses atos na saúde da mulher e do recém-nascido, configurando uma das principais lacunas sobre o tema atualmente. A ausência de estudos causais impacta a tomada de decisão em saúde, prejudicando a elaboração de políticas públicas específicas.

Association between parental supervision and bullying victimization and perpetration in Brazilian adolescents, Brazilian National Survey of Student's Health 2015 / Asociación entre la supervisión de los padres y la victimización y perpetración de la intimidación en adolescentes brasileños, Encuesta Nacional de Salud Estudiantil 2015 / Associação entre supervisão parental e vitimização e perpetração de bullying em adolescentes brasileiros, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015

Objective: To analyze the association between parental supervision characteristics and different bullying roles among Brazilian school adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study that used data from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015. Frequent meals with parents/guardians, knowledge about free time, and checking homework were the parental practices assessed. Logistic regression was used for association between 4 these practices and bullying (perpetration and victimization), presented as oddsratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Among 102,072 school adolescents, frequent meals with parents or guardians [ORvitim=0.86 (95%CI 0.84;0.89); ORperp=0.85 (95%CI 0.82;0.88)], checking homework [ORvitim=0.95 (95%CI 0.92;0.97); ORperp=0.76 (95%CI:0.74;0.78)], and parents or guardian's knowledge of students' free time [ORperp=0.70 (95%CI 0.68;0.73] were inversely associated with bullying. Conclusion: Greater parental supervision reduced the chance of victimization and perpetration bullying among adolescents.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre las características de la supervisión parental y los diferentes roles del bullying entre adolescentes brasileños. Métodos: Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar de Adolescentes (PeNSE) 2015. Las comidas frecuentes con los padres/tutores, el conocimiento sobre el tiempo libre y la verificación de la tarea fueron las prácticas parentales evaluadas. Se utilizo regresión logística para la asociación entre prácticas y bullying (perpetración y victimización), presentada como razón de probabilidades (RP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Entre102.072 estudiantes, comidas frecuentes [RPvitim=0,86 (IC95%0,84;0,89); RPperp=0,85 (IC95% 0,82;0,88)] y verificación de la tarea [RPvitim=0,95 (IC95% 0,92;0,97); ORperp=0,76 (IC95% 0,74;0,78)] y conocimiento de los padres/tutores sobre el tiempo libre [RPperp=0,70 (IC95% 0,68;0,73)] se asociaron inversamente con el acoso. Conclusión: Una mayor supervisión de los padres redujo el acoso en los estudiantes.

Objetivo: Analisar associação entre características de supervisão parental e diferentes papéis de bullying entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. Realização frequente de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis, conhecimento sobre o tempo livre e verificação dos deveres de casa foram as práticas parentais avaliadas. Utilizou-se regressão logística para associação entre essas práticas e bullying (perpetração e vitimização), apresentada como razão de odds (RO) e intervalos de confianças de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Entre 102.072 escolares, a realização frequente de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis [ROvitim=0,86 (IC95% 0,84;0,89); ROperp=0,85 (IC95% 0,82;0,88)], a verificação dos deveres de casa [ROvitim=0,95 (IC95% 0,92;0,97); ROperp=0,76 (IC95% 0,74;0,78)] e o conhecimento dos pais ou responsáveis sobre o tempo livre dos escolares [ROperp=0,70 (IC95% 0,68;0,73)] foram inversamente associadas ao bullying. Conclusão: Maior supervisão parental reduziu a chance de vitimização e perpetração do bullying entre adolescentes escolares.

The Role of Income on the Relationship Between the Brazilian Cash Transfer Program (Programa Bolsa Família) and Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence From a Multigroup Path Analysis.

Several initiatives are being proposed to reduce the incidence of intimate partner violence (IPV) worldwide. Actions aimed at women's economic empowerment through income transfer programs are one of those. Still, the literature on their impact is scarce and controversial. This study attempts to shed some light on this matter assessing whether the Brazilian Conditional Cash Transfer Program (Programa Bolsa Família [PBF]) is a protective factor for psychological and physical IPV against women in families of different levels of income. This is a cross-sectional, household-based study conducted in the city of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample comprised 807 women reporting some intimate relationship in the 12 months before the interview. Information on IPV and participation on PBF were collected through face-to-face interviews using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) and a direct question, respectively. A multigroup path analysis was applied to study the relations between PBF and psychological and physical IPV, considering confounding factors, some mediators, and moderation by income. The prevalence of both psychological and physical IPV are high, be it in the poverty and the extreme poverty income strata (psychological IPV: 66.2% and 72.7%, respectively; physical IPV: 26.2% and 40.6%, respectively). Results also showed a positive and direct association between PBF and psychological violence, yet only among families above the poverty line (ß = .287, p = .001). The same could be found regarding physical violence, but the effect of PBF was indirect, mediated by psychological violence (ß = .220, p = .003). Findings suggest that actions aimed at preventing IPV should go hand in hand with the PBF and, perhaps, other income transfer programs. This is even more relevant in relation to the less extreme poverty group where cash transfer may further raise conflicts and violence.

The association between mistreatment of women during childbirth and postnatal maternal and child health care: Findings from "Birth in Brazil".

BACKGROUND: The mistreatment of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium is a global public health problem besides being a violation of human rights. However, research exploring the consequences of mistreatment of women and newborns is scarce. QUESTION: To shed light on this issue, we investigated the association between the mistreatment of women during childbirth and the subsequent use of postnatal health services by women and their newborns. METHODS: We used data from the study "Birth in Brazil", a national hospital-based survey of puerperal women and their newborns, carried out in 2011/2012. This analysis involved 19,644 women. Mistreatment was a latent variable composed of seven indicators. We assessed the attendance of women and newborns to a review consultation following birth, and the timing of this appointment. We applied multigroup structural equation modeling (based on childbirth payment source) and considered separate analysis for women (vaginal births and0 caesarean-sections) and newborns. FINDINGS: We found a causal association between mistreatment during childbirth and decreased and/or delayed use of postnatal health services, for both women and their newborns. These results also revealed that women who use the public sector are affected more than those who pay for private healthcare. CONCLUSION: Mistreatment during childbirth has broader implications than "maternal mental health", and it would be useful to understand that experience of care has vast implications for families. In Brazil, the mistreatment must be mitigated via the implementation of public policy. This is part of the path to dignified and respectful childbirth care for all women.

Associação entre supervisão parental, vitimização e perpetração de bullying em adolescentes brasileiros, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015 / Asociación entre la supervisión de los padres y la victimización y perpetración de la intimidación en adolescentes brasileños, Encuesta Nacional de Salud Estudiantil 2015 / Association between parental supervision and bullying victimization and perpetration in Brazilian adolescents, Brazilian National Survey of Student's Health 2015

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre características de supervisão parental e diferentes papéis de bullying entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. Realização frequente de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis, conhecimento sobre o tempo livre e verificação dos deveres de casa foram as práticas parentais avaliadas. Utilizou-se regressão logística para associação entre essas práticas e bullying (perpetração e vitimização), apresentada como razão de odds (RO) e intervalos de confianças de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Entre 102.072 escolares, a realização frequente de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis [ROvitim = 0,86 (IC95% 0,84;0,89); ROperp = 0,85 (IC95% 0,82;0,88)], a verificação dos deveres de casa [ROvitim = 0,95 (IC95% 0,92;0,97); ROperp= 0,76 (IC95% 0,74;0,78)] e o conhecimento dos pais ou responsáveis sobre o tempo livre dos escolares [ROperp = 0,70 (IC95% 0,68;0,73)] foram inversamente associadas ao bullying. Conclusão: Maior supervisão parental reduziu a chance de vitimização e perpetração do bullying entre adolescentes escolares.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre las características de la supervisión parental y los diferentes roles del bullying entre adolescentes brasileños. Métodos: Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar de Adolescentes (PeNSE) 2015. Las comidas frecuentes con los padres/tutores, el conocimiento sobre el tiempo libre y la verificación de la tarea fueron las prácticas parentales evaluadas. Se utilizo regresión logística para la asociación entre prácticas y bullying (perpetración y victimización), presentada como razón de probabilidades (RP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Entre 102.072 estudiantes, comidas frecuentes [RPvitim = 0,86 (IC95% 0,84;0,89); RPperp = 0,85 (IC95% 0,82;0,88)] y verificación de la tarea [RPvitim = 0,95 (IC95% 0,92;0,97); ORperp = 0,76 (IC95% 0,74;0,78)] y conocimiento de los padres/tutores sobre el tiempo libre [RPperp= 0,70 (IC95% 0,68;0,73)] se asociaron inversamente con el acoso. Conclusión: Una mayor supervisión de los padres redujo el acoso en los estudiantes.

Objective: To analyze the association between parental supervision characteristics and different bullying roles among Brazilian adolescent school students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using data from the National School Student Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015. Frequent meals with parents/guardians, knowing about students' free time activities and checking their homework were the parental practices assessed. Logistic regression was used for association between these practices and bullying (perpetration and victimization), presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Among 102,072 school students, frequent meals with parents or guardians [ORvictim = 0.86 (95%CI 0.84;0.89); ORperp = 0.85 (95%CI 0.82;0.88)], checking homework [ORvictim = 0.95 (95%CI 0.92;0.97); ORperp = 0.76 (95%CI - 0.74;0.78)], and parents' or guardians' knowledge about students' free time activities [ORperp = 0.70 (95%CI 0.68;0.73] were inversely associated with bullying. Conclusion: Greater parental supervision reduced the odds of bullying victimization and perpetration among adolescent school students.

Desrespeitos e abusos, maus tratos e violência obstétrica: um desafio para a epidemiologia e a saúde pública no Brasil / Disrespect and abuse, mistreatment and obstetric violence: a challenge for epidemiology and public health in Brazil

Resumo Estudos sobre desrespeitos e abusos/maus tratos/violência obstétrica durante gestação, parto e puerpério têm aumentado nas últimas décadas. Entretanto, os pesquisadores interessados na temática se deparam com muitas dificuldades teóricas e metodológicas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo consiste em discutir e refletir sobre como questões relacionadas a definição e terminologia, mensuração e políticas públicas no Brasil têm dificultado a pesquisa da temática, assim como a mitigação desses atos. O primeiro problema abordado foi a falta de consenso em relação a terminologia e definição desse construto. Essa situação provoca um efeito em cascata, com a utilização de instrumentos de aferição não validados que implicam falta de precisão e comparabilidade entre os estudos. Outra questão mencionada é a falta de estudos explorando as consequências desses atos na saúde da mulher e do recém-nascido, configurando uma das principais lacunas sobre o tema atualmente. A ausência de estudos causais impacta a tomada de decisão em saúde, prejudicando a elaboração de políticas públicas específicas.

Abstract Studies on disrespect and abuse/mistreatment/obstetric violence during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium have increased in recent decades. However, researchers interested in the subject face many theoretical and methodological difficulties. In this sense, this study aims to discuss and reflect on how issues related to definition and terminology, measurement, and public policies in Brazil have hindered research on this topic and the mitigation of these acts. The first problem addressed was the lack of consensus regarding the terminology and definition of this construct. This situation causes a cascading effect, impacting the use of non-validated measurement instruments and, consequently, a lack of accuracy and comparability between studies. Another issue mentioned is the lack of studies exploring the consequences of these acts on women's and newborn's health, which is one of the main gaps on the subject today. The absence of causal studies affects health decision-making, impairing the elaboration of specific public policies.

Association Between Family Physical Violence Victimization and Food Consumption Among Brazilian Adolescents.

Few studies have evaluated the relationship between stressful events, such as child abuse and food consumption. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess whether family physical violence victimization is associated with food consumption in adolescents. We used data from the Brazilian National Adolescent School-based Health Survey, carried out in 2015, in a representative sample of 102,072 students attending ninth grade from public and private schools. We used Venn diagrams and logistic regression analysis to, respectively, graphically represent and evaluate the association between the consumption of ultra-processed food (soft drinks, sweets/candies, and salty biscuits, packaged snacks, or processed meat) and in natura food (beans, fruits and vegetables) with victimization from family physical violence. We found a lower consumption of in natura and higher consumption of ultra-processed foods among adolescent victims when compared with nonvictims of family physical violence. The probability of consuming 4 or more times a week increased by 44% for salty biscuits, packaged snacks, or processed meats; 38% for soft drinks; and 22% for sweets among adolescents who reported violence. On the contrary, the probability of consuming 4 or more times a week decreased by 25% for beans, 19% for vegetables, and 13% for fruits among adolescent victims of family physical violence. We conclude that family physical violence victimization is associated with high consumption of ultra-processed food and low consumption of in natura food among Brazilian adolescents. Therefore, issues related to violence in childhood and adolescence should be addressed in interventions aimed at altering food consumption and consequent prevention, control, and treatment of nutrition-related outcomes to increase their effectiveness.

Disrespect and abuse towards women during childbirth and postpartum depression: findings from Birth in Brazil Study.

BACKGROUND: Many women are victims of disrespect and abuse during childbirth period. In Brazil, the prevalence of these acts has varied between 11.3% and 18.3%. Despite the high prevalence and grave consequences of mistreatment of women during birth care, women's mental health during this period, and its determining factors, are still poorly understood. The main objective is to investigate the association between mistreatment of women during childbirth and postpartum depression. METHODS: national survey in childbirth care carried out between 2011 and 2012. The sample was composed of 23,378 puerperal women. Disrespect and abuse was composed by seven indicator.We assessed postpartum depression using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale screening questions. We applied multigroup structural equation modelling (childbirth payment source), considering different theoretical models for vaginal births and C-sections. RESULTS: Disrespect and abuse towards women during childbirth were associated with postpartum depression both in the public and private sectors, for both vaginal births and C-sections. In the public healthcare sector, disrespect and abuse were associated with maternal hospitalization. Presence of fundal pressure manoeuvre, not be white, and not receiving the desired mode of birth (only for C-sections). In the private sector, for both vaginal births and C-sections, not having the desired mode of birth was the only characteristic associated with disrespect and abuse. CONCLUSION: Disrespect and abuse towards women during childbirth may contribute to the development of postpartum depression. Identifying its causes may help prevent the problem and strengthen public policies that favor the good quality of childbirth care.

Women economic empowerment via cash transfer and microcredit programs is enough to decrease intimate partner violence? Evidence from a systematic review.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide public health problem. Many proposals aiming to eliminate its occurrence include the empowerment of women through their socio-economic development. In this context, some studies suggested that microcredit programs (MP) and cash transfer programs (CTP) are initiatives that can also reduce the risk of IPV. Others pointed to an opposite effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of women's economic empowerment in MP and CTP on the risk of physical, psychological and sexual violence through a systematic review. Papers/documents selection was conducted by two researchers according to the following criteria: published in English, Portuguese or Spanish; primary data; assessing the effect of MP or CTP on IPV; in heterosexual couples; on women beneficiaries of the intervention; using a comparator group eligible for an MP or CTP; and focusing on risk IPV as the outcomes. Our results showed that the impact of MP are mixed when it comes to physical and physical/sexual violence. Even so, the review suggests that the effect of MP on sexual violence is trivial or nonexistent. Regarding the impact of CTPs, the present study showed that the effects on physical, physical/sexual, psychological, and sexual violence were also heterogeneous. Women more empowered and with some autonomy could be at risk. Despite that, participation in the empowerment program should be encouraged for poor women and families. However, parallel interventions to lead with IPV should be addressed to the main actions to reduce the risk of increasing IPV prevalence in certain scenarios.

[Critical analysis on the evolution of ethical norms for the use of assisted reproduction techniques in Brazil]. / Análise crítica sobre a evolução das normas éticas para a utilização das técnicas de reprodução assistida no Brasil.

The Federal Medical Council (FMC) published FMC Resolution No. 1,358/1992 with the aim of adopting ethical standards for the use of Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART). This resolution was updated in 2010 (CFM No. 1957/2010), in 2013 (CFM No. 2,013/13) and the last update was in 2015 (CFM No. 2.121/2015). The scope of this article is to conduct a critical analysis of the evolution of the ethical norms proposed by FMC for the use of ART in Brazil. A documentary analysis of the text of the four published Resolutions was carried out, in which the ethical standards for the use of ART were described. It was observed that the resolution evolved in relation to the rights of homosexuals, adopted more permissive measures regarding cryopreservation, donation of gametes and embryos and uteruses on loan and lastly authorized some procedures in ART such as postmortem reproduction, donation and shared gestation. From 2013 onwards the resolution gained a liberal character being updated in terms of clinical practice. For the next updates it would be interesting to include procedures in ART not previously addressed such as nuclear and cytoplasmic transfer. The update frequency (every two years) should be kept to the ethical standards enabling the ART to continue evolving together with the advancement of science.

O Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM) publicou em 1992 a resolução CFM nº 1.358/1992 com o objetivo de adotar normas éticas para utilização das técnicas de Reprodução Assistida (TRA). Esta resolução foi atualizada em 2010 (CFM nº 1.957/2010), em 2013 (CFM Nº 2.013/13) e teve sua última atualização 2015 (CFM nº 2.121/2015). O objetivo desse artigo é fazer uma análise crítica sobre a evolução das normas éticas propostas pelo CFM para a utilização de TRA no Brasil. Foi realizada uma análise documental do texto das quatro Resoluções publicadas onde estão descritas as normas éticas para utilização das TRA. Foi observado que a resolução evoluiu em relação aos direitos dos homossexuais, adotou medidas mais permissivas em relação a criopreservação, doação de gametas e embriões e cessão de útero e por fim autorizou alguns procedimentos em TRA como a reprodução post mortem, doação e gestação compartilhada. A partir de 2013 a resolução ganhou um caráter liberal estando atualizada com a prática clínica. Para as próximas atualizações seria interessante incluir procedimentos em TRA os quais não foram abordados como a transferência nuclear e citoplasmática. A frequência de atualização (a cada dois anos) deve ser mantida para as normas éticas que norteiam a TRA continuar evoluindo juntamente com o avanço da ciência.

Análise crítica sobre a evolução das normas éticas para a utilização das técnicas de reprodução assistida no Brasil / Critical analysis on the evolution of ethical norms for the use of assisted reproduction techniques in Brazil

Resumo O Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM) publicou em 1992 a resolução CFM nº 1.358/1992 com o objetivo de adotar normas éticas para utilização das técnicas de Reprodução Assistida (TRA). Esta resolução foi atualizada em 2010 (CFM nº 1.957/2010), em 2013 (CFM Nº 2.013/13) e teve sua última atualização 2015 (CFM nº 2.121/2015). O objetivo desse artigo é fazer uma análise crítica sobre a evolução das normas éticas propostas pelo CFM para a utilização de TRA no Brasil. Foi realizada uma análise documental do texto das quatro Resoluções publicadas onde estão descritas as normas éticas para utilização das TRA. Foi observado que a resolução evoluiu em relação aos direitos dos homossexuais, adotou medidas mais permissivas em relação a criopreservação, doação de gametas e embriões e cessão de útero e por fim autorizou alguns procedimentos em TRA como a reprodução post mortem, doação e gestação compartilhada. A partir de 2013 a resolução ganhou um caráter liberal estando atualizada com a prática clínica. Para as próximas atualizações seria interessante incluir procedimentos em TRA os quais não foram abordados como a transferência nuclear e citoplasmática. A frequência de atualização (a cada dois anos) deve ser mantida para as normas éticas que norteiam a TRA continuar evoluindo juntamente com o avanço da ciência.

Abstract The Federal Medical Council (FMC) published FMC Resolution No. 1,358/1992 with the aim of adopting ethical standards for the use of Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART). This resolution was updated in 2010 (CFM No. 1957/2010), in 2013 (CFM No. 2,013/13) and the last update was in 2015 (CFM No. 2.121/2015). The scope of this article is to conduct a critical analysis of the evolution of the ethical norms proposed by FMC for the use of ART in Brazil. A documentary analysis of the text of the four published Resolutions was carried out, in which the ethical standards for the use of ART were described. It was observed that the resolution evolved in relation to the rights of homosexuals, adopted more permissive measures regarding cryopreservation, donation of gametes and embryos and uteruses on loan and lastly authorized some procedures in ART such as postmortem reproduction, donation and shared gestation. From 2013 onwards the resolution gained a liberal character being updated in terms of clinical practice. For the next updates it would be interesting to include procedures in ART not previously addressed such as nuclear and cytoplasmic transfer. The update frequency (every two years) should be kept to the ethical standards enabling the ART to continue evolving together with the advancement of science.

Women economic empowerment via cash transfer and microcredit programs is enough to decrease intimate partner violence? Evidence from a systematic review / O empoderamento econômico das mulheres através de programas de transferência de renda e de microcrédito é suficiente para diminuir a violência entre parceiros íntimos? Evidências de uma revisão sistemática / ¿El empoderamiento económico de las mujeres a través de programas de transferencia de renta y de microcréditos basta para disminuir la violencia doméstica? Evidencias de una revisión sistemática

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide public health problem. Many proposals aiming to eliminate its occurrence include the empowerment of women through their socio-economic development. In this context, some studies suggested that microcredit programs (MP) and cash transfer programs (CTP) are initiatives that can also reduce the risk of IPV. Others pointed to an opposite effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of women's economic empowerment in MP and CTP on the risk of physical, psychological and sexual violence through a systematic review. Papers/documents selection was conducted by two researchers according to the following criteria: published in English, Portuguese or Spanish; primary data; assessing the effect of MP or CTP on IPV; in heterosexual couples; on women beneficiaries of the intervention; using a comparator group eligible for an MP or CTP; and focusing on risk IPV as the outcomes. Our results showed that the impact of MP are mixed when it comes to physical and physical/sexual violence. Even so, the review suggests that the effect of MP on sexual violence is trivial or nonexistent. Regarding the impact of CTPs, the present study showed that the effects on physical, physical/sexual, psychological, and sexual violence were also heterogeneous. Women more empowered and with some autonomy could be at risk. Despite that, participation in the empowerment program should be encouraged for poor women and families. However, parallel interventions to lead with IPV should be addressed to the main actions to reduce the risk of increasing IPV prevalence in certain scenarios.

A violência entre parceiros íntimos (VPI) é um problema de saúde pública de alcance global. Muitas propostas para eliminar a VPI incluem o empoderamento das mulheres através do desenvolvimento socioeconômico individual. Nesse contexto, alguns estudos sugerem que programas de microcrédito (PMC) e de transferência de renda (PTR) também podem reduzir o risco de VPI, enquanto outros apontam para um efeito oposto. Através de uma revisão sistemática, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a influência do empoderamento econômico das mulheres através de PMCs e PTRs sobre o risco de violência física, psicológica e sexual. A seleção de artigos e documentos foi realizada por dois pesquisadores, com base nos seguintes critérios: publicação em inglês, português ou espanhol; dados primários; avaliação do efeito de PMC ou PTR sobre VPI; casais heterossexuais; mulheres beneficiárias da intervenção; uso de um grupo de comparação elegível para um PMC ou PTR e foco sobre o risco de VPI como o desfecho. Nossos resultados mostraram que o impacto dos PMCs é misto no que diz respeito à violência física e física/sexual. Contanto, a revisão sugere que o efeito dos PMCs sobre a violência sexual é trivial ou inexistente. Quanto ao impacto dos PTRs, o estudo mostrou que os efeitos sobre a violência física, física/sexual, psicológica e sexual também foram heterogêneos. As mulheres mais empoderadas e com alguma autonomia poderiam estar em risco maior. Entretanto, a participação no programa de empoderamento deve ser incentivada para as mulheres e famílias pobres. Intervenções paralelas para líder com a VPI devem focar nas principais medidas para reduzir o risco de aumento de prevalência de VPI em determinados cenários.

La violencia doméstica (VPI por sus siglas en portugués) es un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. Las propuestas para eliminarla incluyen el empoderamiento de las mujeres a través de su desarrollo socioeconómico. Algunos estudios sugieren que los programas de microcrédito (PMCs) y de transferencia de renta (PTRs) son iniciativas capaces de reducir el riesgo de VPI. Otros estudios indican un efecto contrario. Basándonos en una revisión sistemática, el estudio procuró investigar la influencia del empoderamiento económico de las mujeres, a través de PMCs y PTRs, sobre el riesgo de violencia física, psicológica y sexual. Los artículos y documentos fueron seleccionados por dos investigadores, de acuerdo con los siguientes criterios: estudios publicados en inglés, portugués o español; datos primarios; evaluación del efecto del PMC o PTR sobre la VPI; parejas heterosexuales; mujeres beneficiarias de la intervención; un grupo de comparación elegible para un PMC o PTR y centrados en el riesgo de VPI como desenlace. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, el impacto de los PMCs es mixto en lo que se refiere a la violencia física y física/sexual. No obstante, la revisión sugiere que el efecto de los PMCs sobre la violencia sexual es trivial o inexistente. En relación con el impacto de los PTRs, el estudio mostró que los efectos sobre la violencia física, física/sexual, psicológica y sexual también son heterogéneos. Las mujeres más empoderadas y con alguna autonomía podrían estar en riesgo. Sin embargo, la participación en el programa de empoderamiento debe incentivarse en el caso de las mujeres y familias pobres. Las intervenciones paralelas para combatir VPI deben dar prioridad a medidas para reducir el riesgo de aumento de la prevalencia de esta violencia en determinados contextos.